Everything You Need to Know About MICR

Everything You Need to Know About MICR

Kory Bixler

In 2021, U.S. banks processed 11.1 billion checks totaling $27.44 trillion, with business checks surpassing consumer checks for the first time (1).  

Despite fewer checks being written overall with the shift to digital payments, the value per check continues to grow; the average business check is now $3,601. This shift increases the financial and compliance risks associated with every check issued.

To ensure check-based transactions are secure, compliant, and machine-readable, the banking industry relies on a standard called MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition).

MICR is a character recognition system that uses magnetized ink or toner and a specialized font for check processing. It was introduced in the 1950s, and it remains in use globally (2).

MICR allows high-speed, accurate check scanning using magnetic signals, not just visual print. It remains a core requirement for U.S. check clearing, especially by the Federal Reserve and major banks.

Without proper MICR usage, banks may reject checks, delay processing, or flag them for fraud. Furthermore, non-compliance can result in audit issues, cash flow disruption, and lost trust. The stakes, in other words, are high.

For over 40 years, ACOM has helped businesses, banks, and government agencies print MICR-compliant checks using fully compatible systems:

Drawing on our experience and industry expertise, we’ve created this comprehensive guide to the ins and outs of MICR. 

Here’s a preview of what we’ll cover:

Whether you’re new to MICR or need a refresher, you’ll find everything you need to know here.

So to start, let’s take a closer look at how MICR technology works and why it remains the gold standard for secure check printing.

What Is MICR Technology?

Definition and Origin of MICR

MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) is a specialized technology that allows computers and MICR readers to detect and interpret characters printed in magnetized ink, typically at the bottom of checks and other financial documents (2).

The modern banking industry uses two standardized MICR fonts:

  • E-13B (used in the United States, Canada, the UK, Australia)
  • CMC-7 (used in Europe and parts of South America)

These specialized fonts are at the core of how MICR technology works.

The E-13B font was developed by the American Bankers Association (ABA) in the 1950s, in collaboration with the Federal Reserve. Their goals were to improve banking automation and increase fraud resistance.

The font was chosen for its readability by both machines and humans, with distinctive character shapes and spacing.

Each MICR character produces a unique magnetic signal when read by a machine. 

More precisely, the E-13B font uses a fixed-width character set with carefully engineered waveforms to allow consistent accuracy in character recognition during high-speed scanning (3).

With its long history and high reliability, MICR remains a trusted and essential technology in modern banking infrastructure.

But how exactly does MICR work? Let’s take a closer look.

How MICR Works

MICR consists of two key phases: printing and reading.

Here’s an overview of the process:

  1. Special magnetic ink or toner is used to print the MICR line on a check.
  2. The printed document is scanned by a MICR reader.
  3. The reader detects the unique magnetic waveform of each character.
  4. Lastly, the reader translates the waveform into digital information used for automated check clearing (3).

So what exactly is the MICR machine “reading”?

It’s looking at the MICR line at the bottom of the check. In the E-13B font, this line consists of three parts:

  • Routing Number: identifies the bank
  • Account Number: identifies the account holder
  • Check Number: helps track individual transactions

In addition to the above numeric parts, E-13B also uses four special symbols to indicate the function and parts of the MICR line. You can see these symbols in the image below:

Think of MICR like a barcode, but for checks instead of products.

The bank’s check reader uses the information encoded in the characters to “read” the digits in the MICR line. 

But unlike other digital systems such as OCR, which only interpret the shape of the characters, MICR relies on the unique magnetic signal of characters combined with the MICR ink/toner.

Even if the MICR lines are smudged, overprinted, or physically damaged, the magnetic signal allows a MICR reader to interpret them accurately (2).

This is why banks and governments prefer MICR over more recent OCR systems that rely on visual clarity alone.

Why MICR Is Essential for Check Processing

Because it dates back to the 1950s, MICR can feel like “old” technology. Surely, we’ve invented superior alternatives in the intervening 70+ years?

However, MICR still matters (and remains the standard) in the modern banking system for several key reasons.

First, MICR check processing is very fast. The technology enables high-speed sorting and routing in banking systems, which is crucial for ensuring businesses send and receive payments on time.

Related to speed, MICR is also highly accurate. When the checks are printed correctly, a MICR reader can achieve near 100% accuracy. This prevents costly delays and processing errors.

Lastly, MICR helps with check security and fraud prevention. The specialized E-13B and CMC-7 fonts, plus the magnetism-based validation, make check fraud harder to commit and faster to detect.

To ensure it meets all these goals, MICR is highly regulated and standardized. MICR complies with ANSI X9, which offers detailed guidance on MICR compliance and print specifications (4).

MICR compliance is also a key part of the banking standards set by the ABA (American Bankers Association) (5).

Failing to use MICR-compliant checks exposes your business to several risks, including:

  • Checks being rejected or flagged by banks
  • Payment delays resulting in payroll disruptions, vendor disputes, or cash flow issues
  • Legal and audit risks from failure to follow industry standards
  • Reputation damage from potential fraud

We at ACOM understand how high the stakes are, which is why we offer printers, MICR toner, and compliant laser checks to ensure every document passes banking scrutiny on the first try.

But what is a MICR printer, and what special equipment do you need to set one up? We’ll look at that next.

Components of MICR: Printers, Toner, and Ink

A typical MICR setup includes two components: the printer and the magnetic toner or ink required to print checks.

MICR Printers

MICR printers aren’t like typical office inkjet or laser printers. 

To meet MICR specifications, a printer must be able to handle magnetic ink or toner and print with the precision required to align the MICR line on the check.

Put another way, standard printers print text. MICR printers print legally valid checks.

Broadly speaking, there are two types of MICR printers:

  • Desktop MICR printers: Suitable for small businesses with low-to-mid check volume
  • High-volume MICR printers: Used by banks, government, or payroll firms

Regardless of the type, a MICR-compliant printer will feature:

  • Alignment controls
  • MICR font support (E-13B)
  • Magnetic signal calibration
  • Integration with accounting/payroll software

ACOM offers a full line of compliant devices that include the needed features while also offering high accuracy and reliability.

MICR Toner

MICR toner for checks is a specialized magnetic toner that includes iron oxide particles. The presence of this iron oxide enables the toner to produce magnetic signals when printed.

MICR toner:

  • Is used in laser printers
  • Provides crips, precise characters
  • Is compatible with high-speed MICR readers

To be clear, standard toner is not MICR compliant, even if it visually looks the same.

ACOM sells secure and compliant MICR toner for TROY printers.

MICR Ink

MICR ink is a magnetic ink used primarily in inkjet printers. Like MICR toner, it contains iron oxide particles that enable a MICR reader to interpret the numbers on the check.

MICR ink is:

  • Suitable for low-volume or occasional check printing
  • Required to meet ANSI signal strength requirements
  • More sensitive to smudging or humidity than toner

Generally speaking, MICR toner is the preferred choice for business and banking since it resists smudging and temperature changes. 

MICR ink, meanwhile, is an acceptable choice for home offices or low-frequency use cases.

The Role of the MICR Line

The MICR line at the bottom of every check is crucial to how MICR works. This standardized layout consists of three parts:

  1. Routing Number
  2. Account Number
  3. Check Number

Let’s look at each of these components in more detail.

Routing Number

This 9-digit number identifies the financial institution. It’s critical for directing the check to the correct bank.

Account Number

The account number comes after the routing number. It identifies the individual or company account linked to the check. 

The length varies by institution, but this part of the check must always be precisely aligned to ensure accurate machine reading.

Check Number

The check number is the last part of the MICR line. It’s a sequential number that identifies the specific check. This numbering system helps prevent duplication or fraud.

The MICR line on all checks must follow industry standards for spacing, alignment, and font to ensure MICR compliance. 

Alignment is an especially important part of the check layout, as misalignment leads to failed check reading.

MICR Printers: The Foundation of Secure Check Printing

What Makes a Printer MICR-Compatible?

As we mentioned above, a standard laser or inkjet printer is not MICR-compatible. But why is this?

MICR printers are engineered to precisely print magnetic characters using specialized toner. 

It’s not just about the toner, however. MICR printers also include firmware and hardware features to ensure:

  • Proper MICR font rendering (E-13B)
  • Consistent alignment of the MICR line
  • Magnetic signal calibration for bank-compliant readability

So even if you load MICR toner or ink into a regular printer, it won’t produce compliant checks. The alignment and the signal strength of the ink will often fail to meet ANSI X9 standards (6).

MICR Printer Types

Two factors differentiate the MICR printers on the market: volume and the use of ink vs. toner.

We’ll look more at MICR ink vs. toner below, but for now, let’s examine desktop vs. high-volume MICR printers.

Desktop MICR Printers

Desktop MICR printers are ideal for small businesses, non-profits, or companies with a low monthly check volume.

They typically support printing a few hundred to a few thousand checks per month. Because of their intended use, they also tend to cost less than high-volume MICR printers.

High-Volume MICR Printers

High-volume MICR printers are used by banks, payroll departments, governments, and corporate accounting teams. 

They’re designed to print thousands of checks per day, and they’re often integrated with back-office software.

Since they’re meant for use in highly sensitive environments, these models may include features such as locking trays, automated alignment, or tamper-proof firmware.

ACOM’s MICR Printer Offerings

ACOM is a purpose-built MICR solutions provider with over 40 years of experience. 

Our printers are designed for MICR security and compliance out of the box. All models support:

  • E-13B MICR font embedding
  • Signal-strength testing
  • Software compatibility with financial systems

Explore ACOM's MICR Solutions for Your Business

Features to Look for in MICR Printers

Shopping for a MICR printer can be daunting given the specialized technology and high stakes involved.

Here are some essential features to look for:

  • Precision alignment tools to ensure correct MICR line placement
  • Secure firmware that locks font and toner settings (crucial for avoiding fraud or costly mistakes)
  • Support for MICR toner or ink cartridges (depending on the specific printer model)
  • Font integrity assurance (printers should embed E-13B correctly, not just emulate it)

In addition to the above, some printers offer:

  • Lockable trays for security
  • User tracking to prevent misuse
  • Audit logs for compliance teams

MICR Toner vs. MICR Ink: Making the Right Choice

Many businesses believe that simply loading “magnetic ink” into any printer makes a document MICR-compliant. 

In reality, both the type of printer and the formulation of the MICR material determine compliance.

Let’s examine the different MICR material formulations in more detail.

MICR Toner

Composition of MICR Toner

MICR toner is a powder-based formulation that contains iron oxide, enabling it to emit a magnetic signal detectable by check sorting machines.

It is used exclusively with laser printers, which apply heat and pressure to fuse toner onto paper.

Advantages of Laser Printing

A laser MICR printer offers several advantages:

  • High-resolution prints ensure consistent magnetic readability
  • Far less prone to smudging or degradation
  • Ideal for compliance-sensitive industries like banking and finance
  • Works with E-13B fonts, maintaining regulatory accuracy

These features make laser MICR printers best for high-volume environments such as payroll, AP, and accounting.

Buy Enterprise-Grade Toner at ACOM

MICR Ink

Composition of MICR Ink

Like MICR toner, MICR ink contains magnetic iron oxide, but suspended in a liquid base.

MICR ink is designed for use in inkjet printers, typically for low-volume, ad hoc printing needs.

While it is convenient, ink-based MICR printing is less durable than toner and more susceptible to environmental factors like smearing, humidity, or temperature shifts.

Advantages of Inkjet Printing

MICR inkjet printers offer a few advantages over their toner-based counterparts:

  • Affordable startup costs for small or home offices
  • Flexible for on-demand, low-volume printing
  • Easier integration with desktop software

However, they do possess some notable downsides:

  • Higher risk of signal strength failures
  • Requires specific media and drying time
  • More frequent maintenance and replacement

How to Choose Between Toner and Ink

When you’re deciding between a toner-based or ink-based MICR printer, consider these three factors:

Print Volume

Are you printing a few checks per week or hundreds every day?

Toner is ideal for daily, high-volume printing because of its high accuracy and low risk of print errors/smudging.

Ink, meanwhile, is acceptable for occasional use in low-volume settings.

Compliance Requirements

Toner systems more easily meet ANSI X9 and ABA signal-strength requirements.

Ink systems are harder to calibrate, so the risk of non-compliance is higher. This risk multiplies if you’re printing a high volume of checks.

Printer Compatibility

MICR toner works only with laser printers, while MICR ink is for specific inkjet models.

No matter which you choose, never interchange the two. Doing so risks magnetic unreadability of the final check.

Where Is MICR Technology Used?

Although it’s somewhat of a legacy technology, MICR is still essential in modern finance for security and speed.

Even in an age of ACH and digital wallets, checks remain the default for high-value, B2B, and regulated transactions. MICR enables these checks to be cleared efficiently.

To see this in action, let’s look at some real-world MICR use cases across industries.

Banking and Financial Institutions

MICR is foundational in bank operations for:

  • High-speed sorting
  • Teller processing
  • Check scanning via RDC (remote deposit capture)

But why use MICR over newer technologies such as digital OCR (Optical Character Recognition)?

Per forensic science experts, MICR’s magnetic signals are more accurate and tamper-resistant than OCR (7).

Corporate Finance and Payroll

Many companies still rely on MICR-printed laser checks for:

  • Accounts payable
  • Expense reimbursements
  • Employee pay disbursements

Given the consequences of errors with such checks, the high accuracy of MICR printing is an advantage. 

Indeed, MICR printing is required to comply with banking standards such as ANSI X9 (8).

Government and Education

MICR is widely used in both government and education.

Federal and state agencies use MICR-compliant checks for stimulus payments, tax refunds, and payroll.

Universities, meanwhile, use checks for scholarship disbursements and vendor payments.

MICR plays a key role in these operations, allowing for traceable, auditable payment issuance aligned with public accounting standards (9).

Bookkeeping and Accounting Firms

Outsourced check printing firms and CPAs use MICR to:

  • Avoid misprints
  • Maintain client compliance
  • Provide payroll and vendor check services

In these applications, MICR ensures that banks accept checks without delays or rejections.

In sum, MICR isn’t just a nice-to-have technology; it’s an essential piece of financial infrastructure.

MICR Check Printing: Ensuring Security and Compliance

Every check that moves through the banking system must pass security and formatting checks. 

If it fails to meet MICR requirements, it can be rejected. This can result in delayed payments, extra fees, or (worst of all) fraud exposure.

According to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (U.S. Treasury), check fraud is among the top threats to financial institutions, and improper MICR encoding is a known risk factor in enabling it (10).

 For this reason, MICR remains both a crucial security measure and a regulatory mandate. Let’s examine how MICR assists with both security and compliance.

Role of MICR in Check Security

MICR isn’t just about convenience or speed; it’s also fundamental to keeping checks secure.

MICR encoding makes the most sensitive information (routing, account, and check numbers) machine-readable. These fields are encoded with magnetic signals detectable by bank sorting machines.

The magnetic encoding means that, unlike inkjet prints or scanned images, MICR can't be easily tampered with.

As Investopedia puts it, “Checks printed with magnetic ink reduce the likelihood of fraud because tampering disrupts the magnetic signal banks rely on to verify authenticity.” (11)

Regulatory and Compliance Standards

ANSI X9 Standards

The ANSI X9.100-160 standard (12) defines:

  • Required MICR fonts (E-13B or CMC-7)
  • Print alignment tolerances
  • Minimum magnetic signal strength for bank reading devices

ABA Requirements

The American Bankers Association (ABA) standardizes check design and MICR usage in the U.S.

This includes the positioning of MICR fields and the use of signal-verifiable magnetic toner (5).

These rules ensure interoperability and reduce rejection risk across clearinghouses.

ACOM’s Check Printing Solutions

In addition to MICR printers, ACOM offers products to help you comply with MICR standards and regulations:

MICR Check Stock

ACOM provides check stock engineered to meet both U.S. banking specifications and ANSI formatting guidelines.

Our check stock also includes fraud-resistant features like toner anchoring and watermarks.

Explore Check Stock

MICR Software Integration

Printers from ACOM ship with industry-standard software that automatically:

  • Aligns MICR fields
  • Embeds required fonts
  • Formats data based on regulatory specifications

These features help eliminate common errors that lead to costly check reprints or bank rejections.

Benefits of MICR Technology

From the perspective of a founder, controller, or CFO, MICR technology offers four key business benefits:

  1. Fraud prevention
  2. Automation
  3. Compatibility
  4. Cost savings

Here’s a more detailed look at each:

Fraud Prevention

MICR is a critical technology for protecting your business and customers from check fraud and forgery.

The strict magnetic ink and font standards make forgery difficult. Altered checks often fail magnetic signal detection in MCR check readers, even if the checks look unaltered to the naked eye.

Because MICR is physically encoded in the check using magnetic ink, it’s very difficult to fake without specialized equipment and knowledge. This difficulty helps keep your business safe from fraudsters and scammers (13).

Automated Processing and Accuracy

MICR is designed to enable fast, automated check processing without compromising accuracy.

A typical bank processes hundreds of thousands of checks per day, which wouldn’t be possible without the machine-readable magnetic lines on MICR-compliant checks.

At the same time, the MICR line is still human-readable to allow for manual auditing if needed (14).

Compatibility with Financial Systems

The MICR standard is recognized by the U.S., UK, CA, and AUS banking systems. This standardization ensures interoperability with clearinghouses inside and across international borders.

For financial systems operating within some of the world’s largest economies, this interoperability boosts efficiency and reduces errors while helping to combat international fraud (15).

Cost-Effectiveness for Businesses

Using a MICR printer in-house helps businesses avoid having to outsource check printing.

This has numerous advantages. It reduces fraud-related costs, reprint delays, and overhead related to dealing with external vendors.

What’s more, blank check stock is more cost-effective than pre-printed checks (16).

Common MICR Printing Mistakes to Avoid

Despite the cost savings and convenience of using an in-house MICR printer, it’s important to be aware of some common MICR printing mistakes.

Look out for these errors, as they can lead to bank rejections, processing delays, or even security risks.

Using Regular Toner or Ink

MICR printing requires toner (or ink) with magnetic iron oxide particles. 

Standard toner lacks these magnetic properties, so checks printed with it will be unreadable to bank scanners (17).

Rejected checks can delay payments or trigger fraud flags. Trying to save money by using regular toner just isn’t worth it.

Misaligned MICR Line

MICR lines must sit within a precise “clear band” at the check’s bottom (18).

Misalignment due to poor printer setup or software can cause bank systems to misread or reject checks.

ACOM’s MICR-ready printers ensure proper formatting that complies with check standards.

Using Incorrect Fonts

Only MICR-standard fonts like E-13B or CMC-7 are machine-readable. 

Fonts must meet international standards (e.g., ISO 1004) to pass validation (19). Using non-compliant fonts can cause recognition failure when the bank processes the check.

Weak Magnetic Signal

A weak signal means the bank reader can’t reliably detect characters.

Common causes of a weak signal include low toner density, worn printer parts, or fuser issues (20).

To prevent a weak magnetic signal, perform regular printer maintenance and use only verified MICR toner.

How ACOM Helps Avoid MICR Printing Mistakes

ACOM offers a number of products to help your business avoid common MICR printing mistakes:

We also offer technical resources to help you maintain your MICR printer and ensure your printed checks comply with banking standards.

Why MICR Still Matters in a Digital World

Even in a digital-first financial landscape, MICR technology remains foundational. 

MICR supports legacy payment systems, ensures secure paper-to-digital transitions, and benefits from decades of standardization.

Let’s take a closer look at why MICR remains relevant.

Continued Use of Checks in Business and Government

Despite digital payments, checks remain widely used, especially for B2B transactions, government disbursements, and legacy vendor systems.

As of 2020, 81% of U.S. businesses still use paper checks, and checks represented 23% of payment value (21).

Therefore, MICR remains essential for the secure and accurate handling of these paper-based instruments.

MICR as a Bridge Between Paper and Digital

MICR is critical for hybrid workflows, especially in systems using Check 21 legislation (formally known as the Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act).

The MICR line allows banks to scan physical checks and process them digitally using substitute checks.

This integration ensures physical checks can move through digital systems with full traceability (22).

Longevity of MICR Standards

MICR's stability comes from enduring standards like ANSI X9.100-160 and ISO 1004.

These define everything from font height to positioning, ensuring compatibility across global financial institutions.

The standardization ensures uniform compliance, reducing fraud and improving efficiency.

ACOM Business Solutions: Your MICR Partner

ACOM can serve as a powerful partner for your business’s MICR needs. We offer decades of experience, a wide range of MICR products, and dedicated customer support.

40+ Years of MICR Expertise

ACOM is a long-standing authority in the MICR space. 

Unlike other companies, we specialize in MICR printers, accessories, and software. We don’t just sell MICR printers — we engineer them as well. This gives us a deep base of technical knowledge and real-world experience that our competitors can’t match.

We’re proud to partner with clients in banking, payroll, government, and enterprise, including firms such as Sony and TransAmerica.

Comprehensive Product Line

ACOM offers a comprehensive range of MICR products for all your check printing needs, including:

MICR Printers

Our certified MICR-compatible printers provide high-speed, accurate check production.

MICR Toner

Our high-quality toner cartridges are designed to meet banking magnetic signal standards.

MICR Check Stock

Our blank check stock meets all ANSI and ISO placement and formatting guidelines.

Envelopes

Our secure, double-window envelopes are made for check mailing compliance and privacy.

Dedicated Customer Support

ACOM provides full onboarding and MICR printing guidance for all customers, no matter your business size.

You’ll also get access to support resources, compliance tips, and product maintenance materials.

Lastly, we offer personalized help with MICR setup, printer calibration, and line placement.

FAQs About MICR Technology

If you’re new to MICR printing or are thinking about adopting it for your business, you likely have lots of questions. 

Here are answers to some of the most common queries about MICR technology.

What makes MICR different from regular printing?

MICR printing uses magnetic ink or toner that contains iron oxide particles. 

This allows the printed characters to be read magnetically by specialized banking equipment, enabling high-speed and nearly 100% accurate check processing.

In contrast, regular ink or toner does not support magnetic reading and therefore cannot meet check-processing standards (23).

Do I need special equipment to read MICR documents?

Yes. MICR documents require MICR readers, which can be standalone or embedded in check scanners. 

These devices detect magnetic signals from the MICR line to interpret critical information like routing and account numbers.

Advanced equipment often combines OCR (optical character recognition) with magnetic reading to improve accuracy (24).

How does MICR prevent check fraud?

MICR helps prevent fraud in several ways:

  • Its magnetic signal can detect tampering or alterations.
  • Standardized fonts (e.g., E-13B) make forgery attempts easily noticeable.
  • Magnetic ink or toner is not easily accessible or replaceable with regular cartridges.

Together, these features make MICR-secured checks far more resistant to counterfeiting.

Can MICR be used on documents besides checks?

Yes. MICR is also used on deposit slips, money orders, and other negotiable instruments.

These financial documents benefit from MICR encoding to ensure efficient batch processing, fraud detection, and bank compliance (25).

How often should I replace MICR toner or ink?

Your ideal replacement frequency depends on:

  • Print volume
  • Printer type (laser vs. inkjet)
  • Manufacturer recommendations

Generally, toner lasts longer than ink. You should replace MICR cartridges when print quality fades or per the printer’s status indicators (26).

MICR Printers and Technology: A Summary

MICR remains mission-critical for check processing, security, and compliance, despite the rise of digital payments.

Its durability, accuracy, and fraud resistance make it an indispensable technology for banks, corporations, and government agencies.

MICR bridges the gap between paper and digital finance, offering automated processing without sacrificing control.

ACOM: A Trusted Partner for Your MICR Needs

ACOM offers a full spectrum of MICR solutions: printers, toner, check stock, envelopes, and compliance resources.

With 40+ years of experience, industry-standard products, and dedicated support, ACOM helps businesses stay secure and compliant.

Whether you print 50 checks a month or 5,000, ACOM has scalable solutions tailored to your operation.

Schedule a Consultation with ACOM’s MICR Experts

Sources:

  1. https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/frps-dfips-cy-2021.htm
  2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition
  3. https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/forensicsciences/article/29/1/303/1180237/Examination-of-Magnetic-Ink-Character-Recognition
  4. https://blog.ansi.org/ansi/micr-specifications-checks-ansi-x9-standards/
  5. https://www.aba.com/about-us/routing-number
  6. https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/ascx9/ansix9100202021
  7. https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/forensicsciences/article/29/1/303/1180237/
  8. https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/ascx9/ansix91001602021?srsltid=AfmBOorxqX2j_rcGtmCF8Md1KiJAEAEwhE0wFZFX4LDbZn9bb3ZpAgyh
  9. https://acf.gov/css/outreach-material/how-identify-treasury-checks
  10. https://www.occ.gov/publications-and-resources/publications/banker-education/files/pub-check-fraud.pdf
  11. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/magnetic-ink-character-recognition-line-micr.asp
  12. https://x9.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/MICR-Requirement-for-Checks-February-2018.pdf
  13. https://fastercapital.com/topics/advantages-of-micr-technology.html
  14. https://www.sourcetech.com/blog/why-micr-line-required-checks
  15. https://www.lenovo.com/us/en/glossary/micr
  16. https://onemoneyway.com/en/dictionary/micr
  17. https://www.relyco.com/blogs/relyco/why-micr-toner-is-critical-for-check-security
  18. https://download.support.xerox.com/pub/docs/DocuPrint_100_100MX/userdocs/any-os/en/MICRFundFinal_701P22140.pdf
  19. https://www.iso.org/standard/55881.html
  20. https://www.digitalcheck.com/micr-reading-errors-fix-themselves
  21. https://orbograph.com/checks-are-still-relevant-a-banks-perspective/
  22. https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/regcc-faq-check21.htm
  23. https://www.compandsave.com/blog/posts/micr-toner-know-how-it-differs-from-regular-toners.html
  24. https://www.digitalcheck.com/how-does-micr-work
  25. https://www.remitfinder.com/blog/what-is-an-micr-code-and-what-is-it-used-for
  26. https://www.ggimage.com/zh-en/Blog/when-should-you-replace-your-toner-or-ink-cartridges.html